Which research approach is characterized as objective, deductive, generalizing, using numbers and hypotheses?

Which research approach is characterized as objective, deductive, generalizing, using numbers and hypotheses?

• A. Quantitative Research
• B. Qualitative Research
• C. Action Research
• D. Grounded Theory

Answer: (A)

Quantitative research emphasizes objectivity, uses deductive reasoning, seeks generalizable findings, and relies on numeric data and hypotheses. Objectivity comes from standardized measurement, controlled procedures, and statistical analysis that minimize researcher bias. Deductive reasoning means starting with theory to formulate testable hypotheses, then collecting numerical data to evaluate them. Generalizability aims to extend conclusions from the sample to a broader population, typically through representative sampling and inferential statistics. Using numbers and hypotheses means variables are operationalized, data are quantified, and statistical tests determine whether predictions hold. Qualitative approaches emphasize depth and context with descriptive data, often follow an inductive path to theory, and are not primarily designed for broad generalization. Action research focuses on practical problem-solving in a real-world setting and involves participants in iterative cycles of action and reflection. Grounded Theory, while systematic and rigorous, is a qualitative method aimed at generating theory from data rather than testing numerical hypotheses.

Quantitative research emphasizes objectivity, uses deductive reasoning, seeks generalizable findings, and relies on numeric data and hypotheses. Objectivity comes from standardized measurement, controlled procedures, and statistical analysis that minimize researcher bias. Deductive reasoning means starting with theory to formulate testable hypotheses, then collecting numerical data to evaluate them. Generalizability aims to extend conclusions from the sample to a broader population, typically through representative sampling and inferential statistics. Using numbers and hypotheses means variables are operationalized, data are quantified, and statistical tests determine whether predictions hold.

Qualitative approaches emphasize depth and context with descriptive data, often follow an inductive path to theory, and are not primarily designed for broad generalization. Action research focuses on practical problem-solving in a real-world setting and involves participants in iterative cycles of action and reflection. Grounded Theory, while systematic and rigorous, is a qualitative method aimed at generating theory from data rather than testing numerical hypotheses.